Sexual activity is a natural biological need. However, unsafe sexual practices—such as having multiple partners—can increase the risk of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, a virus known to cause cervical cancer. One effective preventive measure is the HPV DNA test.
The earlier HPV is detected, the easier it is to manage and monitor, with a higher chance of preventing serious complications. In addition to the HPV DNA test, another commonly used screening method for detecting HPV-related abnormalities is the Pap smear (Pap test).
For more information on early cervical cancer prevention, see:
“Early Warning Signs of Cervical Cancer and How to Prevent It”
What Is an HPV DNA Test?
The HPV DNA test is a medical screening performed on the female reproductive organs to detect the presence of HPV. HPV is a virus that can infect both men and women; however, the HPV DNA test is currently available only for women.
HPV infection may cause:
- Genital warts
- Abnormal cell growth
- Cervical cancer (cancer of the cervix)
Doctors strongly recommend HPV DNA testing for the following groups:
- Women with abnormal or positive Pap smear results
- Women over 30 years old, or under 30 but already sexually active
- Women at higher risk of HPV due to unprotected sex or multiple sexual partners
Purpose of the HPV DNA Test
The primary purpose of the HPV DNA test is to detect HPV infection early and support early detection of cervical cancer. A positive HPV result does not automatically mean cancer is present.
There are many types of HPV, and not all of them cause cancer. However, high-risk HPV types, such as HPV 16 and 18, are strongly associated with cervical cancer.
Difference Between Pap Smear and HPV DNA Test
The main difference lies in what each test detects:
- Pap smear examines cervical cells to identify abnormal or precancerous changes.
- HPV DNA test detects the genetic material of HPV in the cervix, even before visible cell changes occur.
For more information, see:
“What Is a Pap Smear? Benefits, Preparation, and Procedure”
Preparation Before the HPV DNA Test
The HPV DNA test may be performed alone or combined with a Pap smear. To ensure accurate results, follow these preparations:
- Do not perform vaginal douching (using water, soap, medication, creams, or cleansers)
- Avoid using tampons
- Avoid vaginal medications for at least 2 days before the test
- Ensure you are not menstruating during the test
- Avoid sexual intercourse for 2 days prior to the test
- Empty your bladder before the examination for comfort
HPV DNA Test Procedure & Result Timeline
The HPV DNA test is a quick procedure, usually taking less than 10 minutes, and does not require anaesthesia. It generally causes minimal discomfort.
When combined with a Pap smear, the procedure includes:
- The patient removes clothing from the waist down
- Lying on the examination table with knees bent and legs apart or placed on stirrups
- A cloth is provided for comfort and privacy
- A speculum is gently inserted into the vagina to visualise the cervix
- A soft brush or spatula is used to collect cervical cell samples
- The sample is placed in a special container and sent to the laboratory
Test results are not available on the same day. Typically, results are ready within 1–2 weeks.
How to Interpret HPV DNA Test Results
HPV DNA test results are classified as negative or positive:
- Negative result: No high-risk HPV types detected
- Positive result: High-risk HPV detected, which may increase the risk of cervical or other HPV-related cancers
There are approximately 14 high-risk HPV types, including:
HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68
Among these, HPV 16 and HPV 18 are responsible for most HPV-related cancers.
Low-risk HPV types (such as HPV 6 and 11) typically cause genital warts and are not associated with cancer.
If the result is positive, your doctor may recommend additional monitoring or further diagnostic procedures, such as:
- Colposcopy – a closer examination of the cervix using a magnifying device
- Biopsy – sampling cervical tissue for microscopic analysis
- Removal of abnormal cervical tissue to prevent cancer development
Possible Side Effects of the HPV DNA Test
The HPV DNA test is generally safe with no serious side effects. Some women may experience:
- Mild bleeding lasting 1–2 days
- Mild lower abdominal discomfort similar to menstrual cramps
For more information on cervical cancer prevention, see:
“Cervical Cancer Vaccine: Is It Necessary and When Should It Be Given?”
Early Prevention of Cervical Cancer
So, is the HPV DNA test necessary for cervical cancer detection? Yes.
HPV DNA testing plays a vital role in early detection and prevention of cervical cancer, allowing timely intervention and better treatment outcomes.
In addition to HPV DNA testing, women are encouraged to undergo regular Pap smears and receive the HPV vaccine as part of a comprehensive prevention strategy.
RSIA Bunda Denpasar provides a wide range of women’s health services, including HPV DNA testing, Pap smear screening, emergency services, and general healthcare.
For more information about available services and health packages, please contact RSIA Bunda Denpasar.
Reviewed by: dr. Arresta Vitasatria Suastika, Sp.OG
Last updated: May 10, 2022
