One of the routine examinations commonly recommended for pregnant women is the TORCH screening, which aims to detect the presence of infections in the body. Pregnant women are more vulnerable to infectious diseases, making preventive medical screening essential to protect both maternal and fetal health.
Below is a detailed explanation of TORCH screening during pregnancy.
For further reading on women’s health, see:
“Early Warning Signs of Cervical Cancer and How to Prevent It”
What Is TORCH Screening?
TORCH screening is a medical test recommended for pregnant women, particularly during the first trimester, to detect infections included in the TORCH group.
TORCH is an acronym for:
- Toxoplasma
- Other infections
- Rubella
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
This test evaluates the presence of two types of antibodies related to infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites:
- IgG antibodies, which indicate a past infection or immunity
- IgM antibodies, which indicate a current or recent acute infection
By analysing these antibodies alongside medical history and clinical symptoms, doctors can assess whether the fetus may have been exposed to infection.
Early detection is crucial, as TORCH infections can be transmitted to the fetus and may lead to serious health complications if left untreated.
Diseases Included in TORCH Screening
Not all infections are categorised as TORCH infections. Below are the main conditions included in TORCH screening that require early attention:
1. Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Pregnant women are advised to avoid cleaning cat litter boxes, as the parasite is commonly found in infected cat faeces.
The parasite may also be present in undercooked or raw food, which is why pregnant women are strongly advised to avoid consuming raw or inadequately cooked food.
Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted to the fetus and may cause congenital abnormalities, particularly affecting the eyes and brain.
2. Rubella
Rubella, also known as German measles, poses serious risks during pregnancy. If a pregnant woman becomes infected, the virus can be transmitted to the fetus.
Congenital rubella infection may lead to:
- Congenital heart defects
- Visual impairment
- Hearing loss
- Lung infections
- Blood disorders
- Delayed growth and development
3. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
CMV commonly infects adults and often causes mild or no symptoms. However, fetal infection may result in serious complications.
Infants born with CMV infection may experience:
- Hearing loss
- Pneumonia
- Seizures
- Growth retardation
- Visual impairment
4. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
HSV causes oral or genital herpes in adults. While infection during pregnancy may not always affect the fetus, transmission can occur during childbirth.
Neonatal herpes is a serious condition that may cause:
- Fluid-filled skin rashes
- Eye and mouth infections
- Weakness
- Breathing difficulties
- Seizures
Other Infections Included in TORCH Screening
In addition to the infections above, TORCH screening may also include:
- HIV/AIDS
- Syphilis
- Zika virus
- Fifth disease (Parvovirus B19)
- Chickenpox
- Influenza-related bone infection
- Varicella
If these infections occur during pregnancy, they may increase the risk of complications such as hearing loss, blindness, abdominal swelling, pneumonia, or miscarriage.
Purpose of TORCH Screening During Pregnancy
TORCH screening is typically recommended before pregnancy planning or during the first trimester. Early detection allows timely medical intervention to reduce the risk of fetal infection.
Comprehensive TORCH screening helps lower the risk of:
- Intellectual disability
- Congenital abnormalities
- Heart defects
- Neonatal jaundice
- Low platelet levels
- Seizures
Preparation Before TORCH Screening
No special preparation is generally required before undergoing TORCH screening. However, patients should inform their doctor if they:
- Have an existing medical condition
- Are currently undergoing treatment or taking medication
In certain cases, doctors may advise fasting or temporarily discontinuing specific medications. Wearing comfortable, short-sleeved clothing is recommended to facilitate blood collection.
TORCH Screening Procedure
The TORCH screening procedure is relatively simple and involves a blood test. It can be performed at clinics or hospitals equipped with laboratory facilities.
The procedure includes:
- Cleaning the blood collection site (usually the arm) with an alcohol swab
- Applying a tourniquet to make the vein more visible
- Drawing blood using a sterile needle and collection tube
- Applying a small bandage after the needle is removed
- Labelling and sending the blood sample to the laboratory for detailed analysis
TORCH Screening Results
TORCH test results may be positive or negative, and may also indicate immunity due to previous infection or vaccination.
1. Positive Result
A positive result indicates the presence of IgG or IgM antibodies for one or more TORCH infections. This may suggest a current infection, past infection, or immunity from vaccination.
Your doctor will explain the results and discuss their clinical implications.
2. Negative Result
A negative result means no antibodies were detected, indicating no current or past infection.
IgM antibodies indicate a current or recent infection. If detected in a newborn, further testing may be required to confirm active infection.
For further information, see:
“How to Read Pap Smear Results: What Does a Positive Result Mean?”
TORCH Screening Services in Denpasar
Several healthcare facilities in Indonesia offer comprehensive maternal health screening, including TORCH testing. One of them is RSIA Bunda Denpasar, which is equipped with modern medical facilities.
In addition to TORCH screening, RSIA Bunda Denpasar provides women’s health services, maternity care, 24/7 emergency services, teleconsultation, home care, and other healthcare services.
Contact our team to learn more about available maternal health screening packages.
